The Annual 2013 Ministry of Sound: Stream or Download the Ultimate Dance Music Collection
The evolution of dynamic visual signals is often influenced by several social and environmental factors such as territorial aggression (Preininger et al., 2013a; Schuppe et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2018), diurnality (Harper, 1991), background noise (Grafe et al., 2012; Grafe and Tony, 2017), as well as predation pressure (Bradbury and Vehrencamp, 1998). Visual movements or movement-involved multimodal signals can result in senders with more chance of being seen by predators or parasites. Physical displays thus often need to increase the attention of intended receivers while limiting the eavesdropping of unintended receivers (Steinberg et al., 2014). In little torrent frogs, male limb displays increased with parasite stress, and such defensive movements can serve as visual cues. These results suggest that parasite stress can induce more visual movements and increase the complexity of audiovisual multimodal displays in little torrent frogs as a by-product. In this study, calling males had a larger parasitic risk than silent males, and we identified Corethrella spp. midges which are known to localize frog hosts by eavesdropping on their calls (Bernal and de Silva, 2015). However, more studies are needed to further examine whether and how the species is eavesdropped by sound-locating midges.
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